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This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. For other uses, see, Roman retaliation, inter-tribal conflicts, and death, Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History II, 120, 4; Cassius Dio, Roman History LVI, 22, 2a-2b, O. Hfler, "Siegfried Arminius und die Symbolik,". The disagreement was resolved when both sides agreed to allow the one remaining member of the faculty, Franciscus Gomarus, to interview and evaluate Anninius for this position. Such activists often argue that, with so much to do for Guido de Bres was martyred for the faith. Arminius' uncle Inguiomerus opted to stay neutral while the herculean Segestes even revealed the conspiracy to Varus. For Arminius the struggle against sin in Romans 7 is a struggle before conversion. He would make another stand in what was the battle of the Angrivarii barrier; a vast breastwork marking the border between the Angrivarii and the Cherusci between the Weser River and a forest. [10], The etymology of the Latin name Arminius is unknown, and confusion is further created by contemporary scholars who alternately referred to him as Armenus. The battle led to the liberation of Germany from the Roman Empire and was the beginning of a long, drawn-out war between the . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Roman casualties were severe, the legionaries and auxiliaries were worn out and their supplies were in all likelihood nearly exhausted. The Calvinists answered with a Contra-Remonstrance in 1611. Jacobus Harmenszoon, alias Jacob Arminius, died in 1609 before the age of fifty. In his exposition of predestination Arminius sought to have a theology of grace and to avoid all Pelagianism. While many locals opposed the new commander, he also had some allies among the Germanics. Arminius's Erastianism distinguished him from most of his ministerial colleagues. [45], During the unification of Germany in the 19th century, Arminius was hailed as a symbol of German unity and freedom. The Cherusci noble Arminius (c. 18 BCE - 19 CE) led the resistance to Roman conquest of Germania during the years 9-16 CE. In 1559 His Most Catholic Majesty Philip II was the king of Spain and Sovereign of the Netherlands. In 1575 his mother and other members of his family died at the hands of Spanish troops in a massacre at Oudewater. Arminius wisely wanted to wait until Caecina's army was again on the march and vulnerable. He served from 1603 as professor in theology at the University of Leiden and wrote many books and treatises on theology. Arminius held Christ died for all (although not all would be saved). Tacitus left a poignant tribute to Arminius: He was unmistakably the liberator of Germany. [29] Her father was the Cheruscan prince Segestes, who was pro-Roman. According to Tacitus, "the title of king rendered Maroboduus hated among his countrymen, while Arminius was regarded with favor as the champion of freedom" (Tacitus, Annals, II. They say something like, "I want to be 75% Calvinist and 25% Arminian." The doctrine of sovereign grace was at stake. [16][17] These experiences gave him knowledge of Roman politics and military tactics, which allowed him to successfully anticipate enemy battle maneuvers during his later campaigns against the Roman army. As a result, the Langobardi and Semnones went over from Maroboduus to Arminius. So he came and took away His body" (John 19:38b), but one thing we know for sure is, Joseph of Arimathea was "a disciple of Jesus, but a secret one for fear of the Jews" (John 19:38a), and since Nicodemus . On the death of Aemilius in 1575, Rudolf Snellius (Snel van Roijen; 15461613), a professor at Marburg and a native of Oudewater, became the patron for his further education at the universities of Leiden (157682), Basel, and Geneva (158286). He served in the Roman army between AD 1 and 6 and received a . Varus fell on his sword as his legions were decimated around him. A wall of stakes and interlaced branches topped the embankment and, behind it, more barbarians waited. License. [11] In his History, Marcus Velleius Paterculus mentions him as "Arminius, the son of Sigimer, a prince of the nation" and states he "attained the dignity of equestrian rank". That way he could crush the insurrection on the way. Some Roman soldiers were captured alive by Arminius' force. Arminius (Latin) or Hermann (German) was born in the year 18/17 BC and was killed in 21 AD. Arminius suffered defeats but won the war when Germanicus was recalled to Rome by the new Roman emperor Tiberius (r. 14-37 CE). Fleeing into the marsh, all but a handful of were hunted down. Please support World History Encyclopedia. 23). Marbod, leader of the 70,000 strong Macromanni tribe - whose military support is crucial to repelling the Romans . During a stormy night, the Romans managed to break out but abandoned the accompanying civilians to the enemy. 18/17 BC. [32] Tacitus recorded that Arminius was "driven to frenzy" by the loss of his beloved wife. The nobles did have bands of well-armed personal retainers, but these were relatively few in number. Dyck, L. H. (2016, October 19). AD 21 (age 40) Germania. Arminius' success in destroying three entire legions and driving the Romans out of Germany marked a high point of Germanic power for centuries. Arminius was the son of the Cheruscan chief Segimerus (German: Segimer). It was one of Rome's worst defeats and caused Emperor Augustus (r. 27 BCE - 14 CE) to abandon the conquest of Germania. He had earlier affirmed the Calvinist view of predestination, which held that those elected for salvation were so chosen prior to Adams Fall, but he gradually came to have doubts about this teaching. [25] His brother Flavus, who had been raised alongside him in Rome, remained loyal to the Roman Empire and fought under Germanicus against Arminius at the Battle of Idistaviso. The other half of the army, commanded by Aulus Caecina Severus, returned via the old Roman land route known as the 'Long Bridges' first pioneered by Lucius D. Ahenobarbus 18 years ago. The camp commander answered with a volley of arrows, and though Arminius assaulted the camp, he could not take it. Jacobus Arminius, Dutch Jacob Harmensen or Jacob Hermansz, (born October 10, 1560, Oudewater, Netherlandsdied October 19, 1609, Leiden), theologian and minister of the Dutch Reformed Church who opposed the strict Calvinist teaching on predestination and who developed in reaction a theological system known later as Arminianism. [29][30] In May 15 AD the Roman general Germanicus captured Thusnelda. [24] Arminius also faced opposition from his father-in-law and other pro-Roman Germanic leaders. Nobody thought to be part of the "German nation ", Germans thought just in their tribe . Iacobus Arminius by Skara Kommun; CC BY 2.0 Jacobus Arminius Several years after Calvin died in 1564, Jacobus Arminius went to Geneva in order to study under Theodore Beza, the man who took over . By the time the Synod of Dort met, the issues raised by the Arminians were being widely discussed in the Reformed community throughout Europe. Roman settlements such as the Waldgirmes Forum were abandoned. Likely raised as a child hostage in Rome, Arminius gained command of a German auxiliary cohort in the Roman army.Posted on the Rhine, Arminius served under the command of Governor Publius Q. Varus. Falling back before Germanicus' column, Arminius gathered his army in the sacred wood of Hercules (the Roman name given to the German Donner and Scandinavian Thor). [47], In 1808, Heinrich von Kleist wrote the play Die Hermannsschlacht,[48] but with Napoleon's victory at Wagram it remained in manuscript, being published in 1821 and not staged until 1860. "Arminius." [1] According to another theory, that name was given to Arminius for his service in Armenia. Arminius coalition of tribes consisted of Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, Bructeri, Chauci, and Sicambri. Arminius is the son of Reik Segimer of the Cherusci tribe. Jacobus Arminius, Dutch Jacob Harmensen or Jacob Hermansz, (born October 10, 1560, Oudewater, Netherlandsdied October 19, 1609, Leiden), theologian and minister of the Dutch Reformed Church who opposed the strict Calvinist teaching on predestination and who developed in reaction a theological system known later as Arminianism. A storm of iconoclasm broke out, destroying many images in Roman Catholic churches throughout the provinces. Disaster struck on the sea voyage home, a storm wreaking havoc on both ships and troops. Standing on the eastern bank of the Weser, Arminius came to face his brother Flavus, who was with Germanicus' army, across the river. Jacobus Arminius was actually regarded as a rather quiet and introspective individual, yet he found himself constantly pulled into controversies with the reformed camp . If election-God's purpose to give faith according to His sovereign will-does not precede faith,then faith is not truly a gift. Goethe-Universitt Frankfurt (Public Domain). Born c. 18 BCE, Arminius was the eldest son of the Cherusci chief Segimer. When I was asked to write on why Arminians (like me) should celebrate the Reformation, the answer that jumped to mind was "Because Arminius himself did.". [19] Arminius saw this as the perfect opportunity to defeat Varus. At the point of her capture she was pregnant and living with her father, who had taken her back. Arminius struck at Caecina's column while it was repairing a causeway. Varus' task was to complete the conquest of Germania but his rough-handed . [33][34] Tacitus states in the Annals: Arminius, with his naturally furious temper, was driven to frenzy by the seizure of his wife and the foredooming to slavery of his wife's unborn child. But Arminius ultimately failed to have a true theology of grace. Enslaved Romans were not considered to be citizens, so in the Spartacan battles, when the Roman citizens lost, the Spartacan victors are bolded. The third Roman eagle was recovered in 41 AD by Publius Gabinius, under the emperor Claudius. Growing up in the midst of civil war in state and church, Arminius knew the bitterness of war. Fourth, God decreed "to save and damn particular persons" based on the foreknow ledge of God, by which He knew from all eternity those individuals who would, through his preventing [i.e., prevenient] grace, believe, and through his subsequent grace would persevere.". It's surely ironic that throughthe centuries there has been so much talk of the "five points of Calvinism" when in fact Calvinists did not originate a discussion of five points. There is no way to "transcend" this reality. Arminius meanwhile was faced with a belligerent Segestes, who redeclared himself for Rome. Arminianism is very influential in evangelical and Pentecostal circles today. [10] There was, however, a somewhat different perception in East Germany. Both works feature Arminius prominently as the leader of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, yet treat him very . This chapter offers a new evaluation of multiple evidence and argues that the Liberat . Eine Einfhrung in die archologischen Arbeiten und ihre Ergebnisse (1999) Bramsche; J. Oorthuys (ed. Bearded, painted, stinking and roaring . This educated guess was also picked up by Otto Hfler, who was a prominent Nazi academic during World War II. He was the 12th student to enroll in the school that honored the heroic resistance of Leiden to Spanish siege in 1574. In a harrowing battle, Caecina was barely able to lead his army into a defensive position. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Posted on the Rhine, Arminius served under the command of Governor Publius Q. Varus. To secure peace with Rome, Segimer is thought to have surrendered both Arminius and his younger brother Flavus to Rome as child hostages. Arminius, a latinized rendering of "Harmen's son," was born in 1560. "Let those who reject the [teaching that Christ paid the price for the sins . The name instead appears to ultimately be of Etruscan origin, appearing as armne and armni on inscriptions found at Volaterrae. (Tacitus, Annals, II. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. . The night before the march Varus' trusted advisor and humble vassal, a Germanic noble named Arminius, had warned him of a local uprising to the north-west of his position. Submitted by Ludwig Heinrich Dyck, published on 19 October 2016. Around 8 CE Arminius was transferred to the Rhine to serve under Governor Publius Quinctilius Varus. Omissions? Tiberius, who succeeded Augustus in 14 AD, decided that Germania was a far less developed land, possessing few villages and only a small food surplus, and therefore was not currently important to Rome. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It was finally recognized officially in the Netherlands in 1795. The play has been revived repeatedly at moments propitious for raw expressions of National Romanticism and was especially popular in Nazi Germany.[49]. After all, some argue, Arminius lived 400 years ago. Most likely both brothers fought beside the legions under Tiberius Claudius Nero, stepson of Emperor Augustus, suppressing the huge Pannonian and Illyrian revolts of 7-9 CE. His father died when Arminius was an infant, and one Theodore Aemilius adopted the child and provided for his schooling in Utrecht. For orthodox Calvinists faith is a gift of God. Both armies deployed and fought in Roman fashion, with units keeping to their standards, following orders, and keeping forces in reserve. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. And their doctrine shows their fall from grace, if there ever was grace. Even so, Germanicus was able to muster enough troops to inflict a terror campaign upon the Chatti and Marsi. Among them was Thusnelda, who against her father's wishes had married Arminius and was carrying his child. Thinking the battle won, the tribesmen were overwhelmed and scattered when the Romans boldly sallied forth at the right moment. However, the way ahead seemed far shorter than backtracking to the Lippe. Arminius expanded his basic definition of predestination in four theses. Later that year, after tribal infighting that raged back and forth, Arminius was killed after being betrayed by his relatives. It ended with Marbod fleeing to Ravenna and Roman protection, but Arminius failed to break into the "natural fortification" of Bohemia, and the war ended in stalemate. The Barbarians had thrown a seemingly endless number of warriors at his army, and they had died, only to be replaced by yet more. Before returning to Amsterdam, Arminius took a trip into Italy to see the sights. [31] Arminius deeply grieved the capture of Thusnelda and did not marry again. Today the church of Jesus Christ does not need less Calvinism. He was one of the first to blow the whistle, as it were, on Arminius' teaching and he was assigned to hold public and private discussions with Arminius (who did not publish anything in his lifetime) to discover what Arminius was saying. This prevented Arminius from crossing the Rhine and invading Gaul.[22]. . Most orthodox pastors and theologians hoped that with the death of Arminius that Arminianism would die quickly. Hermann etymologically means "Man of War", coming from the Old High German heri meaning "war" and man meaning "person" or "man". [13] In German, Arminius was traditionally distinguished as Hermann der Cherusker ("Hermann the Cheruscan") or Hermann der Cheruskerfrst ("Hermann the Cheruscan Prince"). Arminius was a mere five years old when Calvin died, so the two men were not true contemporaries. The evidence suggests not theological, but philosophical, differences. Mnkler Herfried, and Hans Grnberger: "Arminius/ Hermann als nationales Symbol im Diskurs der deutschen Humanisten 15001570", In: Herfried Mnkler, Hans Grnberger, and Kathrin Mayer, This page was last edited on 12 January 2023, at 04:28. Hence, Arminius came to assert a conditional election, according to which God elects to eternal life those who will respond in faith to the divine offer of salvation. William Ames, one of the great English Puritans, wrote that Arminianism "is not properly a heresy but a dangerous error in the faith tending to heresy a Pelagian heresy, because it denies the effectual operation of internal grace to be necessary for the effecting of conversionand faith." The Arminian movements, however, because of their diversity do not point clearly to Arminius himself. He was remembered in Germanic legends for generations afterwards. He stated, "That teacher obtains my highest approbation who ascribes as much aspossible to divine grace, provided he so pleads the cause of grace, as not to inflict an injury on the justice of God, and not to take away the free will of that which is evil." When Roman operations were suspended in 17, Arminius became involved in war with Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, and though successful he was subsequently murdered by his own people. Also, Augustus, in his 40-year reign, had annexed many territories still at the beginning of the process of Romanization. In the aftermath of the battle, Arminius fought retaliatory invasions by the Roman general Germanicus in the battles of Pontes Longi, Idistaviso, and the Angrivarian Wall, and deposed a rival, the Marcomanni king Maroboduus. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. His father died when Arminius was an infant, and one Theodore . Corrections? Man's response to grace remains the final, decisive factor in salvation. 1st century chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe, This article is about the Germanic chieftain. Varus was well aware that Segestes did not like Arminius because Arminius had his eye on Thusnelda, Segestes' daughter, who was already betrothed to somebody else. Arminius was born probably in 17 or 18 BCE, as the son of Sigimer, the leader of the Germanic Cherusk tribe, who had fought for a long time against Rome, eager to extend the influence of its reign. International Student Admissions Application Process. If you prefer your fatherland, your ancestors, your ancient life to tyrants and to new colonies, follow as your leader Arminius to glory" (Tacitus, Annals, I.59). [9], During the unification of Germany in the 19th century, Arminius was hailed by German nationalists as a symbol of German unity and freedom. One of the most famous barbarian leaders, the Goth King Alaric I rose to power after the death of the Eastern . Hermann, Missouri, a town on the Missouri River founded in the 1830s and incorporated in 1845, was also named for Arminius. The Belgic Confession became one of the basic doctrinal standards of Dutch Calvinism. During the year 9 AD three Roman legions under the leadership of Publius Quinctilius Varus marched to northern Germany. He was a talented student and like many students of his day continued his education at other schools. Map of Celtic and Germanic TribesThe History Files (Copyright). Some said the issues surrounding Arminius's teaching could only be resolved at a national synod. Between 14 and 16 AD, Germanicus led punitive operations into Germany, fighting Arminius to a draw in the Battle at Pontes Longi and twice defeating him (according to Tacitus): first in the Battle of Idistaviso and later at the Battle of the Angrivarian Wall. In season 2, he learns that he is Thumelicus' father, not Ari, and pleads to the gods to take him instead of his son. The next step would be to 'Romanise' these lands, and Augustus had just the man for the job . Following the rise of Nazi Germany, fueled by aggressive German nationalism, and its subsequent defeat in World War II, Arminius became a lesser-known figure among West Germans and many schools shied away from teaching his story in any detail due to its previous association with nationalism. The Synod met about a decade after the death of James Arminius (October 19, 1609) whose objections to the theological documents of the Dutch Reformed church led to its calling. By the early 1570s civil war had begun in earnest against Spain. Man's contribution, however sincerely Arminius tried to limit it, became central for salvation. Indeed Arminianism today usually goes much further in emphasizing free will than Arminius did or would ever have approved of doing. After the death of Arminius, controversy continued in the Netherlands about the teachings of Arminianism. To him predestination seemed too harsh a position, because it did not provide a place for the exercise of human free will in the process of salvation. Holland was one of seventeen prosperous provinces then known as the Netherlands or the Low Countries, which today are divided into the Netherlands, Belgium and part of northern France. Arminius, German Hermann, (born 18 bce?died 19 ce), German tribal leader who inflicted a major defeat on Rome by destroying three legions under Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Teutoburg Forest (southeast of modern Bielefeld, Germany), late in the summer of 9 ce. . Either salvation is entirely the work of God or it is partially the work of man. But in the Netherlands, the government had at times protected ministers who were targets of church discipline. professor at Leiden. In East Germany, Arminius, based on a Marxist reading of history, came to be seen as a revolutionary figure of sorts, leading German tribes in a fight against the Roman slaveholder society (Sklavenhaltergesellschaft). Caecina was able to fight his way out and find dry ground to entrench himself for the night. Unfortunately, his infectious doctrine had overwhelmed too many younger students, and a group called the Remonstrants arose soon after. It was Arminius's followers after his death who . Arminius never lost his liberty, but he did eventually lose his life. Usually they mean that they want to stress the grace of God and human responsibility. [23] Tiberius denied the request of Germanicus to launch an additional campaign for 17 AD, however, having decided the frontier with Germania would stand at the Rhine river. Perhaps Gomarus failed to ask the right questions, or Arminius was notcandid with his answers. (Tacitus, Annals, II. The legionaries had better armor, weapons, and discipline than the Germanic warriors, the vast bulk of which were farmers. But such a position reverses the biblical pattern (e.g., Romans 8: 30 and Acts 13:48) where election is clearly the cause of belief. His father died when he was a young child. [46] Hermann der Cheruskerfrst became an emblem of the revival of German nationalism fueled by the Napoleonic Wars in the 19th century, such as in Caspar David Friedrich's 1812 painting The Tombs of the Old Heroes. They must remember that in the providence of God Calvinism has gone through varying periods. Varus, however, thought Segestes' warning as nothing more than slander. The issue of discipline was a controversial one in the Netherlands. In light of the disaster in the Teutoburg, the Clades Variana, Augustus abandoned the conquest of Germania. Battle of Teutoburg Forest [Artist's Impression]The Creative Assembly (Copyright). Many argue that the differences between Calvinists and Arminians no longer matter. Indeed, there is very little evidence as to exactly what Arminius's theology was in his student years. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. In the service of the Romans he had obtained both citizenship and equestrian rank. This shift is important because again it shifts the primary focus of salvation from God's work in Christ to man's faith. In 19 AD a Chatti chief came to Rome offering to poison Arminius. Gomarus had replied that the issue was not peripheral matters such as supra-Iapsarianism, but rather the Reformation doctrine of justification by faith. Second, God decreed absolutely to save "those who repent and believe in Christ, and for His sake and through Him, to effect salvation of such penitents and believers as persevered to the end." At least the legions were able to find suitable ground for their marching camp. Arminius died in 1609 before he could ever be brought openly before a public Synod. A clergyman, Theodore Aemilius, took responsibility . Arminius did not deny the doctrine of predestination, like some today might think, but held it in high regard, so far as one did not take it further than demanded by Scripture. Early in 15 CE, Arminius besieged Segestes' stronghold but was forced to retreat when Roman legions came to Segestes' aid. His mother was slain during the Spanish massacre of . Arminius often did throughout his life. Arminius now held sway over much of Germania, his only rival was Maroboduus, King of the Marcomanni. Mud and puddles, overflowing creeks, and fallen branches slowed down wheel, hoof, and foot. In cases where there are rebel Romans, the winning Romans are not bolded, since Romans both won and lost. Thank you for your help! Arminius slashed his way through the Roman archers but was beset from all sides by auxiliaries. Likely raised as a child hostage in Rome, Arminius gained command of a German auxiliary cohort in the Roman army. 15). In this definition Arminius states his belief that faith is the cause of election: "It is an eternal and gracious decree of God in Christ, by which He determines to justify and adopt believers, and to endow them with eternal life, but to condemn unbelievers, and impenitentpersons." Joachim Harnecker, Arminius, Varus und das Schlachtfeld von Kalkriese. Thusnelda is an interesting figure as she wasn't powerful in any traditional sense of the word. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Calvin and Arminius did not preach the one true gospel by their writings I have read. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Based on these records, the story of Arminius was revived in the 16th century with the recovery of the histories of Tacitus, who wrote in his Annales II, 88: Arminius, without doubt Germania's liberator, who challenged the Roman people not in its beginnings like other kings and leaders, but in the peak of its empire; in battles with changing success, undefeated in the war.[37]. Alaric. In place of ein Feind the original has the pronoun sie, i.e., die hhnische Dmonenbrut ("the sneering demon brood") of the Romans, that had been mentioned in the preceding line. Claim your SPECIAL OFFER for Magell. Arminius made skillful use of local terrain to defeat what was a superior trained and equipped enemy. Among the displayed captives were Arminius' wife Thusnelda and their toddler son, Thumelicus. World History Encyclopedia. 88). Holland was one of seventeen prosperous provinces then known as the Netherlands or the Low Countries, which today are divided into the Netherlands, Belgium and part of northern France. In the accounts of his Roman enemies, Arminius is highly regarded for his military leadership and as a defender of the liberty of his people. This trip was later used by some Calvinists to accuse Arminius of having Roman Catholic sympathies. James Arminius (Jacob Harmenszoon) is undoubtedly the most famous theologian ever produced by the Dutch Reformed Church. "[10] The German Bundesliga football club DSC Arminia Bielefeld is named after Arminius. Arminius (/ r m n i s / 18/17 BC - 21 AD) was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe who is best known for commanding an alliance of Germanic tribes at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, in which three Roman legions under the command of general Publius Quinctilius Varus were destroyed. Arminius met the chieftains in a secret glade to plot the Romans' demise. He was ordained there in 1588. Folkwin is a Germanic swordsman and sword-bearer from Cherusci with great ambition. In this battle, the Germanic tribes would ambush and completely crush the three Roman legions as well as there auxiliary forces and 16,000 Roman troops had been killed although one source says that may be up to 20,000 had died. In 1559 Guido de Bres wrote the first edition of the Belgic Confession, which clearly summarized the Calvinistic faith and set it off from Roman Catholicism and Anabaptism. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. One of the foremost Scandinavian scholars of the 19th century, Gubrandur Vigfsson,[44] identified Sigurd as Arminius. At first, it seemed that the survivors eluded any pursuer, but then the path ahead narrowed with the marsh on one side and an earth embankment on the other. With no satisfactory resolution to the matter, Arminius became ill and died in 1609, a minister in good standing in the Dutch Reformed Church. By contrast, Arminius taught that Paul is remembering his previous, unregenerate state. The Cherusci noble Arminius (c. 18 BCE - 19 CE) led the resistance to Roman conquest of Germania during the years 9-16 CE. In 1629, however, the works of Arminius (Opera theologica [Theological Works]) were published for the first time, in Leiden, and by 1630 the Remonstrant Brotherhood had achieved legal toleration. In 16 AD, a second eagle was retrieved. Most followed Calvin's conviction that the church must have a measure of independence from the state, especially in matters of church discipline. Arminius was driven off, and Germanicus returned to the Rhine where he reinforced his army with Batavian cavalry from the Rhine Island, led by their chief Chariovalda. Arminius suggested that instead of taking the usual route to the Rhine via the Lippe Varus should take a different route north of the Weser Hills. Politics also played a factor; emperors found they could rarely trust a large army to a potential rival, though Augustus had enough loyal family members to wage his wars.